Existen diversos tipos de cápsulas fonográficas o fonocaptores en uso en los tocadiscos.

En algunos casos pueden ocurrir problemas de desgaste de la aguja, debilidad del propio elemento sensible o la interrupción de la bobina.

   Los defectos son diferentes, por lo tanto, cada tipo presentando una serie de ellos.

   Comenzamos por los fonocaptores de cristal, usados en tocadiscos de bajo costo. En estos, el elemento sensible es un cristal de sal de Rochelle, que presenta excelente sensibilidad, permitiendo así el uso de amplificadores simples. Este tipo de cristal, sin embargo, es sensible al calor ya la humedad, perdiendo gradualmente sus propiedades eléctricas.

    El primer síntoma de la pérdida de las propiedades es la pequeña sensibilidad, es decir, la pérdida de volumen acompañada de distorsión.

   Para evitar que el técnico piense que el problema es debido al circuito, es conveniente tener un amplificador de prueba, donde será conectado el hilo del tocadiscos (fonocaptor) para una prueba.

   Otro problema que puede ocurrir es la producción de ronquido, que ocurre cuando la malla del hilo de conexión (hilo externo) tiene su conexión interrumpida.

   La prueba con el multímetro en este caso no lleva a resultados prácticos, pues tanto un fonocaptor en buen estado como un dañado pueden presentar la misma elevada resistencia.

   Para los fonocaptores cerámicos también pueden ocurrir problemas de pérdida de sensibilidad, pero éstos no son debidos al calor ya la humedad.

   Se constata el problema del fonocaptor, no existe otra alternativa para el técnico sino proceder a su cambio.

   Para los tocadiscos estereofónicos es importante notar que tenemos tres puntos de conexión, y no sólo dos como en los monofónicos (fig 1).

 


 

 

   Uno de los hilos es común, es decir, corresponde a la tierra, mientras que cada uno de los otros dos corresponde a un canal.

   Para las cápsulas magnéticas la prueba puede ser hecha fácilmente con el multímetro, constando de la verificación de la continuidad de su bobina. Una resistencia inferior a 1 k debe medirse en una buena cápsula. Una resistencia mayor indica una bobina interrumpida y por lo tanto la cápsula debe ser sustituida.

 

 

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