La energía de cualquier tipo de radiación electromagnética, incluso la de la luz, sólo puede existir en forma de porciones discretas, las que se denominan quanta o fotones. La energía de un fotón depende de su frecuencia.

La energía de un fotón es dada entonces por la expresión:

e = h . v

Donde: h es la constante de Planck que equivale a 6,623 x 10-27 ergin.

De acuerdo con la teoría de la relatividad, si la energía de un sistema varia en una cierta cantidad E, existe una variación equivalente de masa en el mismo sistema equivalente a E/c2, donde o es la velocidad de la luz. Esto significa que, para cada fotón emitido por un cuerpo, su masa decrece en una cantidad de

Am = hv/c2

Estas propiedades se deben a la naturaleza corpuscular o discreta de la radiación y se denominan propiedades cuánticas.

La luz, como otras formas de energía electromagnética, posee propiedades tanto ondulatorias como corpusculares.

El efecto fotoeléctrico es una manifestación de la naturaleza corpuscular de la luz. Así, la emisión de electrones por un cuerpo iluminado se denomina efecto fotoeléctrico externo y obedece a las siguientes leyes fundamentales:

a) La velocidad máxima de los electrones liberados es independiente de la intensidad de la luz y determinada apenas por la frecuencia de la luz incidente.

La ecuación a seguir permite relacionar los diversos parámetros involucrados en el proceso:

 

hv = ϕ + (mv2 / 2 )

 

Donde:

hv es la energía de un fotón

ϕ es la función-trabajo

m es la masa del electrón

v es su velocidad

Esta ecuación se denomina "Ecuación de Einstein"

b) Para cada sustancia existe una frecuencia por debajo de la cual no se puede observar el efecto fotoeléctrico.

Esta-frecuencia se denomina "umbral fotoeléctrico" o "limite rojo" (U cr) y está determinada por la expresión:

hvcr = ϕ

Cuando se iluminan semiconductores dieléctricos, algunos de sus átomos pueden perder electrones lo que, en contraposición al efecto fotoeléctrico externo, no escapan de la superficie del material, sino que permanecen en el interior del cuerpo.

Este efecto se denomina "efecto fotoeléctrico intrínseco o interno". En consecuencia, la resistencia de materiales puede ser reducida y si el material fuera semiconductor, con una barrera de potencial, puede dar origen a la aparición de una corriente eléctrica en un circuito externo.

 

18.978MBMemory Usage45.14msRequest Duration
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