Este es uno de los primeros artículos que hemos hecho sobre la energía solar (1976). Él muestra el estado de esta energía en la época. Desde entonces muchas cosas han cambiado como nuevas tecnologías, aplicaciones y principalmente la reducción de los precios de los paneles y el aumento de su rendimiento.

    ¿Hasta qué punto la conversión directa de energía solar en energía eléctrica puede ser solución a la crisis de energía que empieza a tener sus efectos notados en todo el mundo?

   Se calcula que en cada metro cuadrado de la superficie terrestre, en el ecuador, con Sol a pino cerca de 1,5 kW de energía radiante proveniente del sol incida, siendo totalmente convertida en calor u otras formas secundarias de energía y apenas eventualmente una pequeñísima parcela convertida en alguna forma de energía que podamos aprovechar a continuación.

   En realidad, el pequeño aprovechamiento que se puede tener de la energía solar que incide directamente en la Tierra se debe justamente a las dificultades encontradas en la conversión de energía térmica en otras formas de energía.

    Para que haya rendimiento de una máquina térmica, entre otros requisitos, debe haber diferencia de temperatura, o sea, una diferencia de potencial térmico permitiendo así un flujo de esa energía donde entonces ocurre la transformación.

   De este modo, si bien la solución se encuentra de concentrar energía radiante proveniente del sol en puntos de reducidas dimensiones, por medio de espejos parabólicos, lentes u otros recursos ópticos, con la finalidad de obtener altas temperaturas necesarias para el funcionamiento de las máquinas térmicas, los ingresos obtenidos todavía son bajos.

   La solución más interesante de conversión de energía radiante en energía eléctrica parece estar siendo alcanzada con el desarrollo de dispositivos semiconductores de la misma familia de los LED que funcionan al contrario, permiten la conversión de la energía solar en energía eléctrica.

   En estos casos, además de un rendimiento mayor, tenemos la ventaja de la conversión de la energía disponible en una especie de energía que mucho más fácilmente podemos utilizar, transmitir o incluso almacenar, que es la energía eléctrica.

   Ya existen semiconductores que, además de poder operar a temperaturas elevadas, lo que permite la concentración de la energía en áreas bastante reducidas implicando en considerable economía de materia prima en la construcción del elemento sensible, presentan un rendimiento bastante elevado en relación a las convencionales como foto-células o pilas solares a base de silicio.

   La solución a la crisis de energía que se revela para un futuro bastante próximo tal vez no pueda estar totalmente en este tipo de conversión, pero sus efectos pueden ser sensiblemente reducidos con base en esta técnica.

   Ya se piensa y se estudia la posibilidad de montar sistemas de riego en áreas desérticas cuyas bombas serían movidas directamente por la radiación solar convertida por tales dispositivos en energía eléctrica. Otra posibilidad es la casa solar-eléctrica en la que-foto-convertidores cargarían baterías durante el día y cuya energía sería usada durante la noche de modo convencional.

 

 

 

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