El circuito presentado en la figura 1 puede detectar la circulación de corrientes alternas en instalaciones eléctricas a partir de valores tan bajos como unos 300 mA, sin la necesidad de contacto. El circuito también puede ser adaptado para ser utilizado como shield para microcontroladores.

 


 

 

 

   La bobina captadora puede tener varios formatos según el tipo de aplicación deseada. Una posibilidad consiste en utilizar el devanado primario de un pequeño transformador de alimentación del cual se haya retirado el núcleo. Otra posibilidad, mostrada en la misma figura 4, consiste en hacer un "U" de material no conductor magnético (ferrita) y enrollar de 500 a 1000 espiras de hilo esmaltado bien fino (28 o más fino). En este caso, el hilo conductor que se desea detectar la corriente.

   La ganancia del circuito se determina por R3 que puede incrementarse en función de la sensibilidad obtenida con la bobina utilizada. El valor máximo recomendado para este componente está alrededor de 2,2 M ohmios.

   Si se utiliza un trimpot en lugar de R3 se puede ajustar con precisión el punto de accionamiento del circuito. El amplificador operativo MC1458 es un doble operativo con características similares al 741. Dos CIs 741 se pueden utilizar en su lugar.

   La alimentación del circuito se puede hacer con tensiones de 9 a 12 V y el relé utilizado depende de esta tensión. Los tipos sensibles con bobinas de hasta 50 mA son los recomendados.

 

Semiconductores:

CI-1 - MC1458 o equivalente - doble amplificador operativo

Q1 - BC548 - transistores NPN de uso general

D1, D2, D3 - 1N4148 - diodos de uso general

Resistores: (1/8 W, 5%)

R1, R2 - 47 k ohms

R3 - 220 k ohms

R4 - 100 k ohms

R5 - 1,2 k ohms

R6 - 560 ohms

Capacitores:

C1 - 4,7 uF x 16 V - electrolítico

C2 - 10 uF x 16 V - electrolítico

Varios:

L1 - Bobina captadora - ver texto

K1 - Relé según la alimentación y la bobina hasta 50 mA

Placa de circuito impreso, hilos, soldadura, núcleo de ferrita, etc.

 

 

18.925MBMemory Usage39.36msRequest Duration
Joomla! Version5.2.3
PHP Version8.3.20
Identityguest
Response200
Templatecassiopeia
Database
Server
mysql
Version
10.5.22-MariaDB
Collation
latin1_swedish_ci
Conn Collation
utf8mb4_general_ci
$_GET
[]
$_POST
[]
$_SESSION
array:1 [ "joomla" => "***redacted***" ]
$_COOKIE
[]
$_SERVER
array:51 [ "USER" => "apache" "HOME" => "/usr/share/httpd" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/index.php" "RE...
session
array:3 [ "counter" => 1 "timer" => array:3 [ "start" => 1749142568 "last" => 1749142568...
registry
array:3 [ "data" => [] "initialized" => false "separator" => "." ]
user
array:21 [ "id" => 0 "name" => null "username" => null "email" => null "password" => "***r...
  • afterLoad (85.36KB) (225μs)
  • afterInitialise (1.14MB) (3.18ms)
  • afterRoute (179.21KB) (844μs)
  • beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.98KB) (416μs)
  • Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.45KB) (178μs)
  • After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (354μs)
  • Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (8μs)
  • After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.22MB) (19.43ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:22373 name:com_content.article.26098) (514.65KB) (740μs)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:22373 name:com_content.article.26098) (7.38KB) (35μs)
  • afterRenderComponent com_content (376.56KB) (6.64ms)
  • afterDispatch (2.25KB) (44μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (358.53KB) (1.51ms)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (79.43KB) (305μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (86μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (64.9KB) (1.15ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (9.27KB) (575μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.47KB) (64μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.64KB) (194μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.75KB) (48μs)
  • afterRender (249.75KB) (3.2ms)
  • 1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.22MB) (49.37%)
    19.43ms
    1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (376.56KB) (16.88%)
    6.64ms
    1 x afterRender (249.75KB) (8.14%)
    3.20ms
    1 x afterInitialise (1.14MB) (8.09%)
    3.18ms
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (358.53KB) (3.84%)
    1.51ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (64.9KB) (2.93%)
    1.15ms
    1 x afterRoute (179.21KB) (2.14%)
    844μs
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:22373 name:com_content.article.26098) (514.65KB) (1.88%)
    740μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (9.27KB) (1.46%)
    575μs
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.98KB) (1.06%)
    416μs
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (0.9%)
    354μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (79.43KB) (0.77%)
    305μs
    1 x afterLoad (85.36KB) (0.57%)
    225μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.64KB) (0.49%)
    194μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.45KB) (0.45%)
    178μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (0.22%)
    86μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.47KB) (0.16%)
    64μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.75KB) (0.12%)
    48μs
    1 x afterDispatch (2.25KB) (0.11%)
    44μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:22373 name:com_content.article.26098) (7.38KB) (0.09%)
    35μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (0.02%)
    8μs
21 statements were executed, 5 of which were duplicates, 16 unique10.91ms1.55MB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;27μs968B/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:184Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `incbmx_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 162μs1.3KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `incbmx_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)125μs944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `incbmx_viewlevels`45μs656B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `incbmx_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest66μs1.64KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`229μs20.2KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39)205μs7.44KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 07.63ms1.48MBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `incbmx_content`368μs2.39KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:587Copy
  • UPDATE `incbmx_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '26098'138μs48B/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1348Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)180μs6.12KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`214μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `incbmx_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `incbmx_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)237μs4KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`168μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM incbmx_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `incbmx_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN incbmx_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN incbmx_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `incbmx_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC412μs4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:164Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`260μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `incbmx_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1152μs1.89KB/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `incbmx_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)86μs648B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:325Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `incbmx_schemaorg` WHERE `itemId` = :itemId AND `context` = :context65μs1.55KBParams/plugins/system/schemaorg/src/Extension/Schemaorg.php:403Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)161μs6.17KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `incbmx_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 174μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:465Copy