Qué es:

Propiedad que se manifiesta en materiales que se polarizan cuando se produce una deformación homogénea.

Descripción:

Esta es una propiedad que caracteriza los llamados materiales PIEZOELECTRIC, como se muestra en la figura 1.

 


 

 

 

Lo que sucede entonces es que el material manifestará un campo eléctrico interno bajo la acción de las fuerzas que lo deforman.

Del mismo modo, el efecto inverso, llamado electrostricción, ocurre con este material: cuando lo sometemos a un campo eléctrico se deforma.

Las variaciones en las dimensiones del material con la acción del campo eléctrico cambian mucho, y también depende de la orientación del eje de simetría del material.

Esto significa que al aplicar un campo eléctrico a través de placas fijadas a la superficie de un cristal piezoeléctrico, se pueden obtener diferentes tipos de deformaciones.Entre los materiales que presentan estas propiedades podemos mencionar el cristal de cuarzo, la sal de Rochelle, el titanato de bario, entre otros.

En el caso específico del cristal de cuarzo, si lo excitamos con placas de metal formando así un condensador y utilizando una corriente de alta frecuencia, se forman ondas estacionarias a la frecuencia de resonancia, como se muestra en la figura 2.

 


 

 

 

Esta frecuencia de resonancia, en la que el cristal tenderá a oscilar, depende de las dimensiones del cristal y su orientación.

Esto significa que podemos usar este dispositivo como un control de frecuencia preciso, cuyo valor depende de varios factores, como las dimensiones del cristal, su orientación y su forma de vibración, ya que las ondas estacionarias también pueden ocurrir a frecuencias armónicas.

Decimos en este caso que el cristal opera en armónicos o armónicos.

El cristal de cuarzo está formado por átomos de silicio y oxígeno en una estructura del tipo que se muestra en la figura 3.

 


 

 

La aparición de un campo eléctrico en este material ocurre cuando está comprimido o distendido en la dirección longitudinal, desplazando las cargas positivas en relación con las negativas.

El desplazamiento de las cargas en una celda de cristal es extremadamente pequeño, del orden de 10 al exponente negativo: -24 centímetros, lo que hace que las mediciones sean extremadamente difíciles.

Entre las aplicaciones para tales materiales destacamos los transductores cerámicos, cristales de cuarzo, filtros cerámicos, resonadores cerámicos y generadores de impacto de alta tensión.

 

 

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