El germanio es un elemento químico del grupo de los semiconductores o de los metaloides, teniendo como número atómico 32. Esto significa que posee 32 protones, 32 neutrones y 32 electrones con la estructura mostrada en la figura 1.


 

 

 

 

   Como podemos ver este elemento es tetravalente y otras propiedades importantes son:

- Masa atómica: 72,64

- Densidad: 5,35 g / cm3

- Punto de ebullición: 947º C

   El germanio se presenta en forma de cristales con el color gris metálico. El germanio es uno de los pocos materiales que se expande cuando se solidifica.

   En la electrónica, las propiedades semiconductoras del germanio permiten que se utilice en la fabricación de dispositivos electrónicos como diodos y transistores. Los primeros transistores y diodos eran de germanio, pero con el tiempo se pasó a dar preferencia al silicio. En realidad, el primer transistor era de germanio. Así, dopado con impurezas el germanio forma estructuras del tipo P y del tipo N, como el silicio y sus empalmes presentan comportamientos eléctricos de los empalmes semiconductores.

Además de las aplicaciones en la electrónica, el germanio se utiliza en lámparas fluorescentes con el fósforo, detectores de radiación, y como agente formado de aleaciones. También se utiliza en la fabricación de lentes infrarrojas usadas en detectores de calor de uso industrial y militar. Actualmente, las uniones de silicio-germanio están encontrando aplicación en la electrónica de componentes de alta velocidad.

 

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